Louvre Museum History and Most Important Masterpieces

The Louvre Museum was originally constructed over 800 years ago as a fortress to protect the city of Paris from invaders. The fortress was eventually torn down and replaced with a palace that served as the royal residence of the French monarchy. By the 19th century, the Louvre had been transformed into a museum, open to the public. The Louvre Museum is now home to more than 35,000 of the world’s most famous works of art, including the â€Å"Mona Lisa,† the â€Å"Venus de Milo,† and the â€Å"Great Sphinx of Tanis.†Ã‚   Key Takeaways The Louvre Museum was constructed by King Philippe Augustus as a fortress in 1190 to protect the city of Paris from foreign invasion.When the protective walls could no longer contain the growing population of Paris, the walls were torn down, and a palace for the royal family was commissioned in its place.By 1793, the Louvre had been transformed into a museum, with the French Revolution facilitating the changing of hands from the monarchy to the national government.The iconic Louvre pyramid was added to the museum during a renovation project in the 1980s to promote a higher visitor volume.The Louvre Museum is currently home to some of the most famous works of art in the world, including the â€Å"Mona Lisa†, the â€Å"Venus de Milo†, and the â€Å"Great Sphinx of Tanis.†Ã‚   The origin of the name â€Å"Louvre† is unknown, though there are two theories held by most historians. According to the first, the word â€Å"Louvre† comes from the Latin lupara, meaning wolf, due to the presence of wolves in the area in previous centuries. The alternative theory is that it is a misunderstanding of the old French word lower, meaning tower, referring to the Louvre’s original purpose as a defensive structure.   A Defensive Fortress Around the year 1190, King Philippe Augustus ordered a wall and a defensive fortress, the Louvre, to be constructed to protect the city of Paris from English and Norman invasions. A rendering of the Louvre museum circa 1500 by the Rouargue Brothers, notable because of the original defensive mechanisms, including the tower and the fortress walls. Hulton Archive / Getty Images During the 13th and 14th centuries, the city of Paris grew in wealth and influence, which led to a dramatic increase in population. When the original defensive city walls of the Louvre could no longer contain the growing population, the fortress was transformed into a royal residence. The first French monarch to reside in the Louvre was Charles V, who commanded that the fortress be reconstructed into a palace, though the danger of the Hundred Years War sent subsequent monarchs to seek safety in the Loire Valley away from Paris. It was only after the Hundred Years War that the Louvre became the primary residence for French royalty. Before it was converted into a royal residence, the Louvre fortress also served as a prison, an arsenal, and even a treasury.   A Royal Residence The Louvre fortress was originally constructed on the right side of the river Seine, the wealthy side of the city where merchants and tradesmen worked, making it an ideal location for a royal residence. While King Charles V ordered the transformation of the fortress into a palace during the 14th century, it wasn’t until King Francis I returned from captivity in Spain in the 16th century that the Louvre fortress was demolished and rebuilt as the Louvre palace. Armed with a desire to regain control over the city of Paris, King Francis I declared the Louvre as the official royal residence of the monarchy, and he used the palace to store his vast collection of artwork. An illustration of the 17th century Louvre palace. As a royal residence, the palace lost its defensive features over the years, replaced by Renaissance architecture.   Print Collector / Getty Images   All successive French monarchs added to the palace and its collection of art until King Louis XIV, the Sun King, officially moved the royal residence from the Louvre to Versailles in 1682. During the Age of Enlightenment, middle-class citizens of France began calling for the public display of the royal art collection, though it wasn’t until 1789 when the beginning of the French Revolution initiated the transformation of the Louvre from a palace to a museum.   A National Museum In response to the growing outcry of the French middle class for access to the royal art collection, the Louvre Museum was opened in 1793, though it was closed for renovations shortly afterwards. The museum’s collection grew rapidly as a result of the plundering of Napoleon’s armies during the Napoleonic Wars. Many of the pieces taken from Italy and Egypt were returned after Napoleon was defeated at Waterloo in 1815, but the expansive Ancient Egyptian Collection that exists in the museum today is a result of this plundering. Military Review under the Empire, painted in 1810 by Joseph Louis Hippolyte Bellange and Adrien Dauzats depicts the early years of the Louvre as museum. Much of the collection was amassed for the museum during the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars of the 19 century. Photo Josse/Leemade / Getty Images   Over the course of the 19th century, the Royal Academy was converted into the National Academy, turning over control of the museum to the democratically-elected government of France. It was during this century that two additional wings were added to the palace, giving it the physical structure it exhibits today.   The Louvre Museum During World War II In the summer of 1939, the Director of French National Museums, Jacques Jaujard, oversaw a clandestine evacuation of more than 4.000 works of art from the Louvre, including the â€Å"Mona Lisa.† The following year, Adolf Hitler successfully invaded Paris, and by June the city had surrendered to Nazi control.   The evacuation took several years, and most of the artwork was first moved to the Chà ¢teau de Chambord in the Loire Valley and later transferred from estate to estate in order to keep the collections out of the hands of the Germans. Though some of the hiding places of the collections were revealed after the war, Jacques Jaujard remained silent about the operation until his death in 1967.   The Louvre Pyramid and Renovation in the 1980s In the early 1980s, former French President Franà §ois Mitterrand proposed the Grand Louvre, an expansion and renovation project of the Louvre Museum to better accommodate increased visitation. The iconic glass pyramid of the Louvre, designed by Chinese-American architect I.M. Pei in the 1980s during a massive renovation and expansion project. Bertrand Rindoff Petroff  / Getty Images The job was tasked to Chinese-American architect Ieoh Ming Pei, who designed the iconic Louvre pyramid that serves as a main entrance to the museum. Pei wanted to create an entryway that reflected the sky and made the outside Louvre palace walls visible, even from underground. The final result, competed in 1989, is the 11,000-square-foot glass pyramid with two spiralling staircases that funnel visitors into a vast network of underground passages that lead to different wings of the former palace. This renovation project also revealed the previously undiscovered original fortress walls, now displayed as part of the permanent exhibit in the museum’s basement.   The Louvre-Lens and the Louvre Abu Dhabi In 2012, the Louvre-Lens opened in northern France, featuring collections on loan from the Louvre Museum in Paris with the intention of making French art collections more accessible across the country. The Louvre Abu Dhabi was inaugurated in November 2017, featuring rotating art collections from museums across the world. Though the Louvre in Paris and the Louvre Abu Dhabi are not directly in partnership, the latter is leasing the museum name from the former for 30 years and working with the French government to encourage visitation to the first museum of this kind in the Middle East.   Collections at the Louvre Museum As the Louvre Museum was the home of the French monarchy, many of the pieces currently on display were once part of the personal collections of the kings of France. The collection was augmented by Napoleon, Louis XVIII, and Charles X, though after the Second Republic the collection was supplied mainly by private donations. Below are the most famous pieces on permanent display in the Louvre Museum.   Mona Lisa (1503, estimate) One of the most famous works of art in the world, the Mona Lisa, painted by Leonardo da Vinci, has been on display at the Louvre since 1797.  More than six million people visit the Louvre to see the Mona Lisa each year. This fame is almost entirely the result of a robbery that took place in 1911, when the Mona Lisa was taken from the Louvre by an Italian patriot who believed the painting should be in display in Italy rather than France. The thief was caught trying to sell the painting to the Uffizi Museum in Florence, and the Mona Lisa was returned to Paris in early 1914. Mona Lisa - Leonardo Da Vinci.   Fine Art / Getty Images Winged Victory of Samothrace (190 BC) Representing the Greek goddess of victory, Nike was found in hundreds of different pieces in 1863 on the Greek island of Samothrace before she was brought to the Louvre Museum. She was positioned as the sole figure on top of a staircase in the museum in 1863 where she has remained ever since. The athleticwear company of the same name used the goddess of victory as inspiration for the brand, and the Nike logo is taken from the shape of the top of her wings. Winged Victory of Samotrace. Print Collector / Getty Images   Venus de Milo (2nd Century BC) Discovered in 1820 on the Greek island of Milo, the Venus de Milo was gifted to King Louis XVIII, who donated it to the Louvre collection. Because of her nudity, she is thought to represent the Greek goddess Aphrodite, though her identity has never been proven. She is positioned to appear as though she is looking across the other Roman depictions of Venus that appear in the same hall at the Louvre Museum. Venus de Milo.   Todd Gipstein / Getty Images Great Sphinx of Tanis (2500 BC) As a result of Napoleon’s expedition to Egypt, the Sphinx was discovered by French Egyptologist Jean-Jacques Rifaud in 1825 in the â€Å"lost city† of Tanis and acquired the by Louvre the following year. It is positioned strategically as the sole, dominant figure at the entrance to the Egyptian collection of the Louvre Museum, just as it would have been positioned as a guardian at the entrance of an Egyptian pharaoh’s sanctuary. Great Sphinx of Tanis.   Dmitri Kessel / Getty Images The Coronation of Napoleon (1806) This enormous painting, created by Napoleon’s official painter Jacques-Louis David, depicts the coronation of Napoleon Bonaparte as the Emperor of France in Notre Dame Cathedral in 1804. The imposing dimensions of the painting are intentional, designed to make observers feel present at the ceremony. It was moved from the Palace of Versailles to the Louvre in 1889. The Coronation of Napoleon.   Photo Josse/Leemage / Getty Images Raft of the Medusa (1818-1819) This oil painting by Thà ©odore Gericault depicts the sinking of a French ship on route to colonize Senegal. The painting was widely considered to be controversial because it depicted tragedy in a realistic, graphic way, blaming the newly reinstated French monarchy for the sinking of the ship, and it featured an African man, a subtle protest against slavery. It was acquired by the Louvre after Gericault’s death in 1824. Raft of the Medusa. Heritage Images / Getty Images   Liberty Leading the People (1830) Painted by Eugà ¨ne Delacroix, this work depicts a woman, a symbol of the French Revolution known as Marianne, holding the tricolor revolutionary French flag that would later become the official flag of France, while standing above the bodies of fallen men. Delacroix created the painting to commemorate the July Revolution, which toppled King Charles X of France. It was purchased by the French government in 1831 but returned to the artists after the June Revolution of 1832. In 1874, it was acquired by the Louvre Museum. Liberty Leading the People.   Photo Josse/Leemage / Getty Images Michelangelo’s Slaves (1513-15) These two marble sculptures, The Dying Slave and the Rebellious Slave, were part of a 40-piece collection commissioned to adorn the tomb of Pope Julius II. Michelangelo completed a sculpture of Moses, the only piece residing at the tomb of Pope Julius II, as well as two slaves – the Dying Slave and the Rebellious Slave, before being called away to work on the Sistine Chapel. Michelangelo never finished the project, and the completed slaves were kept in private collection until they were acquired by the Louvre after the French Revolution. The Rebellious Slave. Dmitri Kessel / Getty Images Sources â€Å"Curatorial Departments.†Ã‚  Musà ©e Du Louvre, 2019.â€Å"Louvre Museum Opens.†Ã‚  History.com, AE Television Networks, 9 Feb. 2010.â€Å"Missions Projects.†Ã‚  Musà ©e Du Louvre, 2019.Nagase, Hiroyuki, and Shoji Okamoto. â€Å"Obelisks in Tanis Ruins.†Ã‚  Obelisks of the World, 2017.Taylor, Alan. â€Å"The Opening of the Louvre Abu Dhabi.†Ã‚  The Atlantic, Atlantic Media Company, 8 Nov. 2017.

The Product Life Cycle International Business Theory

GlaxoSmithKline is a global pharmaceutical company that started in 2001 as a merger product between GlaxoWellcome plc and SmithKline Beecham plc. The company was listed in the 2015 PWC top 100 company in terms of market capitalization ($112 billion). Currently, the company is present in more than 150 countries and has about 89 manufacturing locations and research centres in the UK, USA, Belgium, among other countries. Given the position of the company and current market dynamics, GlaxoSmithKline internationalisation process follows the product life cycle theory in explaining its current and possible foreign direct investment flows. This paper will analyse the product life cycle international business theory and how it applies to the company, three potential markets with potential entry modes, and recommendations on the ideal entry mode based on the product life cycle theory. International Business theory The selected internationalisation theory is the Product Life Cycle theory as proposed by Vernon (1966; 1971). This theory is selected because of its ability to help companies to use past events in their product performance to develop strategies. The product life cycle theory could be used to validate an internationalisation strategy as it reflects the market environment, customer behaviour and technological advancements. Accordingly, the product life cycle theory can be beneficial to GlaxoSmithKline’s internalisation strategy, particularly in anticipating new markets,Show MoreRelatedThe s Product Life Cycle Theory1520 Words   |  7 Pagesgrowing international links through FDI (IMF, 2003). Many developed countries decided to move their manufacturing to developing countries. There comes the problem which theory is better to explain manufacturing FDI from developed country firms to developing countries. 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This information might not be of any use for the time being, but perhaps it’s something that can be of use in the future. Considering the decision of doing business in Thailand has already been made, I would start with lobbying both theRead MoreProduct Life Cycle and International Product Life Cycle Economic and Marketing Perspectives2215 Words   |  9 Pagespublished his article International Investment and International Trade in the Product Cycle in 1966,1 there has been a simultaneous development of literature pertaining to the product cycle in marketing. There are differences between Vernons conc ept of the product cycle and marketers perception of the product life cycle. However, when one reviews publications in areas where these disciplines tend to overlap, particularly in international marketing and international business, both of these termsRead MoreCritique of the Internalization Theory and Eclectic Paradigm1797 Words   |  8 PagesDen Bulcke, 2009). 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Essay Deforestation of The Pacific Northwest - 1212 Words

Deforestation of the Pacific Northwest One of the most controversial areas associated with the global problem of deforestation is the Pacific Northwest of the US. The problem can be broken down into several issues that all tie in together. These include the near extinction of the Northern Spotted Owl, the business aspect of logging versus the environmental aspect, and the role of the government in this problem. In 1973, the Endangered Species Act (ESA) was passed. This enabled the Dept. of Commerce and Dept. of the Interior to place species, either land or marine, as either threatened or endangered. Under these terms species could no longer be hunted, collected, injured or killed. The northern spotted owl falls†¦show more content†¦Seeing an animal in an artificial environment can certainly not be compared to witnessing an animal in its natural environment. In my opinion, there can be no price put on the existence of any species on this planet, plant or animal. To think that money has become such an influential part of our society that companies are willing to sacrifice a species in order to make a profit. The northern spotted owl is only one of many species that are on the verge of extinction do to deforestation. Another important consideration in the deforestation of the Pacific North Coast is logging as a business. The investors of a publicly owned company sole concern is the growth of their stock, and this for lumber companies is accomplished by h arvesting trees in the most efficient and cost effective manner. Clear-cutting old growth is the best way to accomplish this. This approach leads to quick financial gain but is not best for the long-term or the trees. It is the companies that use this process that is the most unfavorable to the forests and contributes to deforestation the most. Another approach uses wise management techniques to maximize the long-term profit of the forest. 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Reflection On Interpersonal Communication - 1416 Words

Throughout this semester reading about different ways of interpersonal communication I came to the realization that there were many things I could work on to better myself as a person. Things I never thought about in depth until taking this class. Areas I have improved on throughout this semester are using I language more than the use of you language, what empathy was and how I choose to become better and lastly how I deal with conflict. First off one of my problems I had learned from was the fact I used more you language rather than I language to get my point across which would create more problems. I never really heard about what the differences were until reading about what happens when using you language as the way to get the point†¦show more content†¦For example, I have a friend where she likes to talk about things right when they happen to resolve whatever is going on versus myself at the time I was very upset and wanted to take time to relax and figure out why exactly I was so mad and what actually caused it. Another example is depending on my mood can also affect when or where conflicts may happen. If I am in a good mood it is very had to effect that even if someone is trying to argue rather than when I am in a bad mood I am easier to get upset. During class I learned there are certain steps to take to solve a conflict and I had tried using them with my friend and they worked perfectly. Even though I was thinking about them and it didn’t come nature with time it will eventually become natural. Some of the steps were to simply just breath. Breathing before I gave feedback made me have a few extra seconds to process what was going on. Another step was to avoid using personal attacks, name calling and emotional overstatement. Now whith that step I thought I never did this but after analyzing myself I had learned a new thing about myself that if I felt as if I was under attack I would lash out and find anything personal that I could potentially use against them to hurt how they felt I would. With arguments with family members it seemed to be the only way to have them stopShow MoreRelatedReflection On Interpersonal Communication1091 Words   |  5 Pages1. At the start of this course, I wasn’t familiar with the con cepts of interpersonal communication in an academic way. Now that I’ve been in the course, I realize that I was familiar with the concepts as they’ve occurred within my life, although these happenings didn’t have a name. Due to the fact that these concepts didn’t have a name, they weren’t fully acknowledged within my life. For example, I came into this course with a grasp of my conflicts and romantic relationship. I knew the necessitiesRead MoreReflection On Interpersonal Communication1724 Words   |  7 Pageswhen we talked about non-verbal communication, I realized that it is impossible to not communicate. There are many activities, other than the use of language, that allow us to draw meaning from something we observe. When my mother widens her eyes at me without stating a word, I understand she is telling me to think twice about the action I’m about to take. 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Program for High School Drop Outs Free Essays

A New Dawn is a program which will help students who have dropped out of high school become members of society who will be more successful. It is our hope that with the implementation of this program that more students will be able to return to school to finish their education and learn vocational skills which will allow them to earn more, help provide for their families, and build better self-esteem. Participation should reduce the number of youth who are lured away by low-paying, entry-level obs and by other social entities that can defeat the positive attributes of their lives (i. We will write a custom essay sample on Program for High School Drop Outs or any similar topic only for you Order Now e. gang activity, drugs, alcoholism, etc. ). With this program outline, it should be evident that we can work with the budget allotted and still provide the essential services to our target population; the young people of the community who need to be able to return to school. A new day is dawning; how will you make it a successful one? educational, vocational, and training services to many sections of the local population. They have been involved in the community for many years (undefined in he scenario) and have decided to face a new and dangerous challenge; the increased dropout rates of high school age teenagers in the area. With increasing economic strains because of Job loss, relocation of companies to other cities, and budgetary losses due to lower property tax revenues, the students in the area are being forced to look for work to help support their families. It has been an ongoing challenge for local schools to retain and recruit qualified teachers that can hold the interest of these students. Unfortunately, this means that education comes second in heir lives and they lose the motivation to continue to improve themselves. Our agency proposes a new and innovative approach to allow them to complete their high school education, gain new skills, and be better prepared to handle life’s challenges as they present themselves. Statement of Opportunity We are a group of dedicated individuals who want to see the high school dropouts of today become self-sufficient, productive members of the community tomorrow by offering them the skills to begin a new Journey. Education, vocational skills, and training are the key to success; our plan is to make a seemingly impossible challenge nto success through hard work, perseverance, and the true spirit of belief in our fellow human beings to want to be better than they are today. Impact on Organizational Structure Vision in organizational program development is important because it gives hope and direction to all those who hold stake in a project; in this case, students, parents, educators, administrators, potential grant donors, community members, social services workers, and businesses in the area. An executive director’s vision is crucial because it shows that they truly believe in the proposed program and that it will ucceed in its goals and objectives. Challenges present themselves every day; the true challenge is taking the problems and turning them into opportunities. The positive is far more productive than allowing others to wallow in despair and give up on the possibility of success. Reaching for the stars is unrealistic, but hope is a powerful motivator; my goal is to make that hope into a reality for the students who are often forgotten members of society. With any change within an agency, comes an mission, goals, objectives, and vision of any program. Structural changes must occur o allow for new programs to be implemented. Organizational mission, goals, and objectives may have to change slightly to reflect new aspects of the program being developed, but should pretty much remain the same. While all of these areas may be detailed, it is important not to make goals and objectives which are too expansive as it could cause the entire program to fold if not managed carefully. I can see where there may need to be some changes when incorporating youth into a program which may have been initially designed to assist adults who have different issues. The new oals and objectives of this project must dovetail with existing agency directives because if they do not, they may cause unpleasant and potentially devastating changes to services already offered. Organizational planning may be need to be revamped to include the program in the short- and long- term plans. Any time changes take place within an organization; there will be changes in the planning. From development to implementation and beyond, new plans which influence current programs will have to be addressed. In this scenario, the implementation of a dropout program may require facility changes, changes in staffing, community utreach that has not been needed before, coordination with school officials, budgetary changes, and development of new funding sources. It will be important to keep in consideration the needs of current programs when developing new structure for this program so as not to damage already successful programs. Organizational operations will also need to change based on the needs of clientele, staff members, and facility availability. There will be a need for more space for classrooms, more instructors, and different equipment and materials; using the same materials for igh school age students may not be realistic in terms of safety. Costs will quite definitely increase as the demand for hands-on vocational learning becomes reality for this group of students, hours are extended, and new materials for classroom learning need to be purchased. Administrative staff and Board of Directors support will require a clear and accurate picture of how things will need to be altered in order for them to run effectively and efficiently. Human resources is an area that will clearly need to be given a lot of thought and creative thinking to best utilize the staff hat is already employed by our agency. It has been difficult for local school districts to hire qualified, motivated instructors to work with this fairly specialized group. It is no easy task to work with students who have given up on the academic environment to search for work to support their families. The key to the success of this program is to grab their interest, give them the tools and resources to better themselves, and then help them to be successful in the outside world. Since we cannot offer extravagant salaries to these professionals, we must have more to offer them; the esire to help a group which is underprivileged and in desperate need of help in addition to fairly flexible class schedules may help convince them to come teach for this worthwhile project. In addition to this, formal classroom positions are being cut by all districts, so by hiring teachers who have been displaced and do not wish to relocate there is a benefit to all involved. Continued education may be necessary to ready these instructors for different types of students and teaching methods. Technological resources will need to be added or adapted to build this program and heir involvement, they may quit again which would defeat the purpose of the program. The project will require more computers and software for student use, new and safer machinery, improved software for administrative staff to be able to track, organize, and make formal reports of progress, budgets, and program usage. Because these students are high school age, the need for reporting to state agencies will be a requirement if this agency is to receive funding and the average daily allowance (ADA) for each eligible student; that money will be essential as the rogram grows and thrives. Training for staff members may be necessary to ensure that they have the required skills that have not been needed before. Financial resources are probably the largest challenge to making this opportunity a reality for this organization. Additional money will be needed to supplement the already lean budget of past years. Employing more teachers, counselors, trainers, and support personnel will not be inexpensive; salaries and benefits are required to attract qualified individuals. A reward and incentive program will need to be developed ince salaries and benefits may not be as rich as many are used to in the educational industry. The number of eligible high school dropouts is expected to be 1,000 individuals with a rise to 2,000 each year after inception. The total funding for this program at present is $1,600,000, so until further funding can be acquired budgets will still have to run very lean. Accumulating needed materials and equipment can be done on a graduated need base so that not all of the finances are spent on these line items. It will be necessary to apply for outside grants from government agencies and other non-traditional options. Community Environmental Factors The local economy in the area is severely depressed because many companies are leaving the area for other cities; the loss of property and other tax revenue has caused local cutbacks in services with significant impact on school budgets. When budgets are reduced in education, the first individuals who suffer are the students. Loss of teachers, materials, extra-curricular activities, and support staff markedly increase the dropout rate among teens. There are few choices for students other than to attempt to find work to help support their families; making school an mpossibility and limiting further success. Competition is a problem because students need to find work and will turn to businesses when they should be attending school. If the youth of this community feel that the needs of their families is too strong, they may forego returning to school; no matter how easy the road is made for them. They have to find value in furthering their education; our goal is to show them that there is a better life available through education and give them the skills they need to succeed. The employment market locally is not helping the situation; rather it is a hindrance. The more pressure exerted on the market, the more businesses will move out of the area because there is incentive to do so. As companies leave, property and other taxes drop which means less money is available for schools and other local services. The amount of teachers and support staff drops and students feel it is not worth their time to attend. Financial resources will always be limited, so the time is now to take advantage of loans and grants offered by the school district and government agencies. Applying for outside grants will need to occur, but without firm commitments they cannot be The risks that the agency will take will be directly correlated to the success of the program. If the project shows that it is successful, more money will be fed into its coffers. If the program is questionable or fails, money will be withdrawn which could seriously hamper current programs as well as the proposed program. In theory, this investment could make or break the organization which is more than likely working on a very limited budget in the first place. Adding additional staff and technical resources is expensive and if these people would have to be terminated because the rogram fails, there will be other separation costs associated; machinery and other items may have to be sold for a significant loss if they cannot be used in other programs. The benefits of this program to the community is that the teenagers who have given up on their education may return to school to learn more skills which will help them to find better paying Jobs in the future. By becoming more highly trained and better educated, it will be easier for them to find employment. The increase in the dropout rate from five percent to 15% is astronomical in Just two years and is nacceptable; something must be done to stop the bleeding! By developing and implementing a program which helps local youth, the status of this organization will increase; allowing more money to flow in for all programs and increase community support. This support encourages more students to see the value in returning to school because they can see the evidence of going through the program. Human Resources It will be important to hire new instructors, trainers, and more than likely some support staff to work with students and provide the administrative assistance to make this program operate efficiently and effectively. The one thing you cannot be short on is instructional staff to help students to learn the skills they need to be able to walk away with the ability to become productive members of the community. Because many school districts are cutting staff members, there is a surplus of unemployed or underemployed teachers and we may be able to secure some trainers from the private industrial sector on a part-time basis if they feel it will be to their benefit to have better trained employees. Our staff is truly one of the most important keys to the success or failure of this program; without them, there would e no way to make success a possibility. With staffing cuts, come reductions in pay for many school employees, so we will need to provide other incentives to attract qualified, motivated instructors. Paid time off, health benefits (at least partially covered by the agency), incentive rewards for number of students who perform well and/or graduate from our program, and other extrinsic reward systems will be implemented as the budget allows. Intrinsic rewards such as recognition by other staff members, community recognition, publication in journals to recognize the successes each member has worked hard to attain, and ven something as simple as a smile and a good Job from supervisory personnel will make a big difference in the way employees feel about their Jobs. As Executive Director, I personally will take this responsibility to make this happen and encourage others on my staff to do the same. The operating budget for this program is not large at only $1,600,000. It will take a great deal of hard work to make this budget work and still have a successful program. With the help and dedication of our staff, along with positive support from community members, we can make it work. We will be applying for grants from the National Education Association (NEA), California Teachers Association (CTA), government title grants (such as American With Disabilities Act (ADA)) funding, and other non-traditional grant donors. It is our hope that we can procure enough money to make this program operate smoothly and employ more staff members to encourage students to want to participate in a variety of programs. It is recognized that budgets will need to be increased each year because new students will be Joining established students in the program. It is estimated that for the first year there will be 1,000 eligible students and 2,000 each year after. If the program works well, we estimate this number will continue to grow as the individuals leave the program and find that their ability to find work at a better rate increases. As students hear that the program is working, they will want to participate more; word of mouth is by far one of the most important and cheapest methods of advertising. How to cite Program for High School Drop Outs, Papers

Beloved By Toni Morrison (1049 words) Essay Example For Students

Beloved By Toni Morrison (1049 words) Essay Beloved By Toni MorrisonToni Morrison depicts the physical and psychological effects slavery has on anAfrican American woman and her family following the civil war in her famousbook, Beloved. Throughout the novel, Morrison uses various themes to capture theimpact of slavery had on the various characters portrayed in Beloved. Theeffects on these characters were not just physical but psychological as well. The impact of slavery has left a great impression on this family even long afterthe civil war. Slavery has led to physical damage, the killing of ones child,families being broken up, characters going crazy, and not being able to move onfrom the past that haunts them. Slavery has had a physical affect on manycharacters. School teacher made one open on my back, and when it closed itmade a tree. It grows there still, (17) states Sethe describing the scar of atree on her back. Sethe was whipped with cowhide for telling Mrs. Garner thatthe boys of the schoolteacher had taken milk from her that was for her baby. Sethe was whipped so hard that he had touched every ridge and leaf of itwith his mouth, none of which Sethe could feel because her back skin had beendead for years (18). Even though years had passed Sethe is still effected bythe punishment that was dealt to her during her time as a slave. Below herbloody knees, there was no feeling at all; her chest was two cushions ofpain, (34) describes Sethe of her body as she lied in the woods pregnant andin severe pain. The fear of slavery and hope of freedom had led her to run awaypregnant into the woods to try to save herself and her unborn daughter from thechains of slavery. Slavery also affected Sethe psychologically because thethreat of slavery onto her children lead to the killing of one of her ownchildren. Sethe did not want one of her children, Beloved, to live like how shehad and to suffer like how she had suffered. Sethe believed that Beloved wouldbe better off dead then to have been a slave to someone. Sethe believed that.what she had done was right because it came from true love (251). Slavery had to have affected Sethe psychologically because no mother in theirright mind would kill their own children, but the negative affects of slaveryand having been through the life of a slave, Sethe strongly believed thatBeloved should not have to live the life of a slave. Sethe felt rather thanhaving to suffer, Beloved would be better of dead. In Beloved, we see evidenceof the affects of slavery on families during that time. Slavery has lead to thebreak up of many families. Going back to when Sethe was a slave, she did nothave any parents herself, and lost her husband when she ran away to Ohio tryingto free herself. Slavery also led her to kill one of her children, and the ghostof that dead child, Beloved, led to both of her sons running away. Inattempts to break free from the chain of slavery, Sethe had to put her familyaside to gain freedom for herself and her one daughter Denver. Baby Suggs lostall of her eight children due to slavery, four children were taken from her andf our were chased away. She tells Sethe that she should be thankful that she hadthree children left but it was because of these conditions that many formerslaves were able to grow into a closer bond with each other. Being a slave hasnot put Sethe in the right state of mind. The act of slavery stills lingers inher mind, as she cannot get over the years of her living as a slave. Like asoldier who fought in war would have flashbacks, Sethe often experiences aflashback of her own kind trying to forget all of the horrible memories. Sethecharges Edward Bodwin with an ice pick in the deranged belief that he isschoolteacher come for her babies (Furman 269). Being a slave and rememberingher horrible past has led Sethe to believe that a white man who was there togive her daughter Denver a job was the schoolteacher that had mistreated herwhen she was a slave. Seeing Edward Bodwin standing in front of her house sheflashed back to how the schoolteacher forced her to kill her own child and justwent after Edward Bowin to kill him. Some characters like Ella has tried tocompletely forget the past. The past was something to leave behind. And if itdidnt stay behind, well, you might have to stomp it out (256). Ella feelsthat the past being so terrible its not even worth remembering and is best tojust forget about everything that had happened. The affects of slavery is sogreat that the characters in this story have a hard time moving on with theirlives even after the end of slavery. Even though Denver did not live as a slave,the fact that Sethe her mom was slave, affected Denvers life greatly. Theghost of Beloved living in the house leads Denver to say, I cant livehere. I dont know where to go or what to do, but I cant live here. Nobodyspeaks to us. Nobody comes by. Boys dont like me. Girls dont either(14). The events that occurred years ago during slavery still affects Denver whowas not even born when her sister was killed. Furman Says But withoutfriends, neighbors, a church, witho ut involvement in the community, she haslittle potential of rehabilitating her life beyond a woodshed (Furman 266). .u07f26157c486155690e788b2c3772b14 , .u07f26157c486155690e788b2c3772b14 .postImageUrl , .u07f26157c486155690e788b2c3772b14 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u07f26157c486155690e788b2c3772b14 , .u07f26157c486155690e788b2c3772b14:hover , .u07f26157c486155690e788b2c3772b14:visited , .u07f26157c486155690e788b2c3772b14:active { border:0!important; } .u07f26157c486155690e788b2c3772b14 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u07f26157c486155690e788b2c3772b14 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u07f26157c486155690e788b2c3772b14:active , .u07f26157c486155690e788b2c3772b14:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u07f26157c486155690e788b2c3772b14 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u07f26157c486155690e788b2c3772b14 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u07f26157c486155690e788b2c3772b14 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u07f26157c486155690e788b2c3772b14 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u07f26157c486155690e788b2c3772b14:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u07f26157c486155690e788b2c3772b14 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u07f26157c486155690e788b2c3772b14 .u07f26157c486155690e788b2c3772b14-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u07f26157c486155690e788b2c3772b14:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Multiculturalism EssaySlavery has led Sethe and Denver to live a secluded life in which they do notassociate with other people. The lingering effects of slavery have slowed downthe growth of Denver as a strong black woman and have prevented Sethe frommoving on from the past that haunts her. Through the novel Beloved, we canunderstand the physical and psychological effects that slavery had on peopleduring that time. The harshness of slavery made people do things that theynormally would not do and kept many from living the life that they would havewanted to live. We can also see that slavery not only affect those who wereslaves but their children as well, as many had to grow up without parents,children, siblings, or spouses. Like the imagery of birds flying together in thestory, what the African Americans wanted was just their freedom, to fly awayfrom all the racial injustice.

Responsibility of Shareholder on the Company-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Analyse the fact that the director of a Company must owe due care to the shareholders who are playing an important role in the administration of a Business or Company. Answer: Introduction: Australian Institute of Company Directors is an institution that provides non-profit membership to the directors (Too, Weaver, 2014). This organisation has derived its origin from the Institute of directors of United Kingdom. It is established in the year 1960. It consists of 4 national directors, seven representatives who are elected from the divisions, one Managing director and a CEO (Lokuwaduge Armstrong, 2015). At present, John Brogden is the CEO as well as the MDD of the same. It works on international basis. Discussion: There are two types of members are present in a company. They are the shareholder or the stockholder and the stakeholder. Shareholders are the individuals who are buying shares but are not liable for the debts of the company (Chassagnon Hollandts, 2014). They form a part of the company. There is a legal outline present in respect of the membership of a company. A person can be a shareholder only if his or her name is included in the companys register. The shareholders enjoy certain rights regarding their post. They can buy or sell the respective shares at any time and they have a right to cast their vote regarding the appointment of the directors of a company. Stakeholders are regarded as that class of person without whom a company is merely exists (de Gooyert et al., 2017). Edward Freeman first coined the term stakeholder in the year 1983 (Clayton, 2014). Simply, stakeholders are included all persons who are related to the company. They govern the activities of a company. Stakeholders include directors, employees, unions and even the shareholders of the company. In other work, it can be stated that stakeholders are the genus whereas the shareholders are the species. Though the term stakeholder includes all the parties involved in a company work, there are certain differences laid down under the term (Brennan, Kirwan, Redmond, 2016). An instance can be that the customers liability is less than the liability of the employees of the company. Purpose of project: The report is aimed to find out the validity of the statement that the director of a company has certain duties towards the shareholders and the interest of the shareholders must be keep above other stakeholders. Aim and objectives: The main purpose of the report is to analyse the fact that the director of a company must owe due care to the shareholders who are playing an important role in the administration of a business or company. Research question: A research has been made with an intention to come into a conclusion to the fact that whether a director of a company should place the interest of the shareholders upon all other stakeholders or not. Literature review: It is a fact that the shareholders are playing an important part regarding the appointment of a company director. Therefore, a reciprocal duty accrues from the part of the directors as against the shareholders. Shareholders are the part of the corporation. In this regard, it can be stated that the directors owes certain duties towards the company as well as the shareholders. However, there are certain cases cropped up where the court has expressed their consent against the fact that the directors owe any right against the interest of the shareholders. The courts are supported the fact that the directors must have the duties for the company or the corporation. The reason behind the same accrues from the idea that if the company will make profit regarding any transaction, the shareholders will also benefited from the act. Therefore, it is not needed to concentrate on the interest of the shareholders in general. Engagement strategy of shareholders: There are certain procedures that draw an outline regarding the engagement strategy of the shareholders. There are certain approaches that can specifically describe the development process of the shareholders engagement strategy (Clayton, 2014). It is important to maintain a respected relationship between the company and the shareholders. A transparency should be maintained in such cases. Shareholders are the most important part of the stakeholders. They are responsible for the betterment of the company. It is utmost duty of the shareholders to buy and sale the stocks of the company and the companys growth is depending on the same. Apart from this, the shareholders are take participate into the annual meetings and play an important role in the appointment of the directors. The director of a company has also such duties towards the shareholders. This is the utmost duty of the director to secure the interest of the shareholders. The company always try to engage the shareholders in the companys management. Reason for provided benefits to the shareholders: There are certain reasons that clarify the question why the shareholders interest should be keep before all other stakeholders. There are certain functions of the shareholders that placed them a higher post. They take an active participation regarding the appointment of the director and the external auditor. If there is any necessity regarding the changes in the provision of the corporation. Even, in case of the changes regarding the constitutional changes, the shareholders are actively participated in the same. It has been mentioned earlier that the shareholders purchase the stocks of a company. Therefore, the assets of the company are very much depending on them. Duty of the director: A director of a company owes certain duties regarding their posts and the statute of law mentions that. It is the primary duty of the directors to be loyal to the company and retain a good faith over the same. In Australia, the directors have some fiduciary duties that are to be maintained by them. These duties include good faith; avoid any conflicts regarding the interest of the company with others, and not to misuses their power in any illegal way. The duties of the directors are codified under the law. As such there are sufficient provision regarding the violation of such duties. Sometimes, there can be certain conflictions regarding the interest between the company and the shareholders are to be seen. The most common difference is that the shareholders are opted for the short-term gain whereas the companies are concentrating on the long-term process. Therefore, the directors should have to tackle the same with necessary actions. However, to maintain a perfect working atmosphere, it is important for the directors to communicate with the shareholders in an effective way. A director must show loyalty to the shareholders with a view to create a friendly relationship with them. He must maintain a standard of care in case of the shareholders (Hiller, 2013). He should not misbehave with the shareholders and let them informed about every meeting. Shareholders are actively take part in the meetings. Even, if the meeting is for the appointment of new director or re-appoint the director, they should be informed in a well-mannered condition. A director should assist the shareholders with all possible way. Provision of the Corporation Act: It has been previously mentioned that the stakeholders are the most effective body in case of the administration of a company. They are liable to appoint the directors and they are also liable for the termination of the same. It is to be noted that the directors of a company have certain regarding the company and sometimes, they have to take some broad decisions for the interest of the company. The Corporation Act 2001 deals with the provision regarding the director-stakeholder relationship. Section 181(1) of the Act prescribed certain ways so that they could apply their rights and duties with good faith (Hiller, 2013). As stakeholders are a part of the company, it is clear that the future interest of them is based on the fate of the decision made by the directors. However, there are certain conflictions in this regard. As per the conception of Sheldon Leader, company is a separate legal entity and thus, the interest of the company and the stakeholders are not similar in nature. On t he other hand, Blair and Stout had expressed their views in favour of the statement that the interest of the stakeholders is depended on the company. Methodology: Methods are the systematic approach towards the conclusion of a question that how to come into a conclusion regarding the problem and how to identify the necessity of the same by making certain investigation. Investigation: In case of any research method, there are three types of proposal. They are: Exploratory, descriptive and hypothesis. In this case, the hypothesis investigation is to be made (Tricker, Tricker, 2015). The basic fact of the hypothesis research is to discuss the subject matter in concrete. The case is based on the fact that the directors liability for securing the interest of the shareholders is to be taken into consideration. It is the duty of the director to perform his duty with due care and diligence. He must act in good faith. There are certain dilemmas that have to face by the directors. The dilemmas arose during the course of business. Every shareholder wants to get maximum benefit from the company. Therefore, they are of the view to have short-term propositions from the company. On the other hand, the companies are of the view to retain the companys profit by way of long-term base propositions. The shareholders have a right to buy or sell the shares of the company. Therefore, they want to make the profit by investing money behind it, but if the company will not give them sufficient benefits, there can be a chaos arises. The term stakeholders include the director, shareholders, union, and other working staffs of the company. Among them, role of the shareholders are important, as they are responsible for the betterment of the company. The future of the economic outsource of the company depend on them. Case law: There are several cases that denotes that there is necessity to take extra care for the shareholders as they are the part of the company. In Salomon v. Salomon co. Ltd., the question was raised whether the company is a separate legal entity or not and the director should has to maintain different duty to the company or not. It was held that the company is a separate legal entity and the shareholders are a part of it. It was also held that the company is even separate from the person, who composes it. It has been stated by the court of law that the duties of the directors does not mean the duty of the company. The same precedent is applied on the facts of the MacLaine Watson v. Department of Trade and Industry. Therefore, the directors must have some duties towards the shareholders and that should be dome with highest priority. Conclusion: Therefore, from the discussion, it can be stated that there is a confliction present regarding the statement that whether the directors have responsibilities to the shareholders above other stakeholders. The courts of Australia are of the view that the companys interest is different from the shareholders interest and there is no specific duties are prescribed under the law for the interest of the shareholders. Even the Corporation Act has contained certain provision regarding the directors duty towards the shareholders. References: Allen, W. T., Kraakman, R. 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